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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their only real aim is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with highly altered strong jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, like juveniles, they are fed by workers.5556 Fontanelles, simple holes in the forehead that exude defensive secretions, are a feature of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species have been easily identified using the qualities of the soldiers' bigger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers can utilize their globular (phragmotic) heads to obstruct their narrow tunnels.58 Different sorts of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation has an important part in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In some species, the abdomen of this queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others might further moult to become soldiers or alates.
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Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are exclusively female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are both diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, both male and female employees may have different functions in a termite colony.63.
The entire life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they develop.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and dig this the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed thembut employees also get involved in the social life of their colony and also have certain different activities to achieve like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they dothey excavate a room large enough for both, shut up the entrance and proceed to partner.70 After mating, the set never go outside and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.
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For example, alates in certain species appear during the day in summer while others emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the bigger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old.53 At adulthood, a primary queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. In certain species, the mature queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and may create 40,000 eggs per day.72 Both mature ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times greater than before mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant workers offer assistance.